Reflection of Pschycology Lectures
By :
Fatikha Akfini Anantaputri 09313244012
YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE MATHEMATICS EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
2011
|Reflection of psychology lectures
|Reflection of psychology lectures
The human soul is divided into two, namely intellect and spirit. Human reason can be learned and understood, but the human spirit can not be learned. Intellect more emphasis on the outward man so easy to research and learn while the spirit is more to the spiritual man so hard to learn because it is abstract. Human beings are human beings, intelligent creatures, feeling and created the most noble of other creatures. As human nature has a mind that used to think. Therefore, as a true human being should not be a machine that has the intelligence but do not have feelings.
There are two learning method that us know, traditional method and modern method. Almost teacher in Indonesia do modern method
The differences between traditional method and modern method
| Traditional method | Modern method |
| In the lecture method of teaching-learning process carried out by teachers are generally dominated by lecture. | teacher as co-students in search of knowledge |
| To directing teaching, transfer of knowledge | To facilitate student to constract their own knowledge |
| Teacher only explained the material based on curriculum, for example to explain, to give example, to give assignment and homework | Teacher gives chance to student to determine what they will learn |
Seeing the condition of the education curriculum in Indonesia is alarming. How could I not, in every school we only see machines that work and will produce a machine as well. This is the most feared consequences of such a system, which if passed will only produce humans who spoiled and act like a machine. Duty as a teacher to change the educational culture like this. Modern times have been no more time a teacher is authoritarian. In modern times such as these teachers must emphasize modern learning system in which the teacher as facilitator is not the only source of knowledge. Master only as a student assistant in the search for knowledge. Students are entitled to choose what to learn but still based with the function of teacher control.
The ability of teachers to understand students named as the pedagogic skills of teachers where the teacher competency is a set of knowledge, skills and behaviors that must be owned, lived, ruled, and actualized by the teacher in implementing the tasks professionalism. Teachers are comprehensive and constitute an integral and interconnected with each other and each other pedagogic mendukung.Kompetensi referred to in this paper, namely, among others, the ability of an understanding of learners in depth and organization of learning that educates. Teacher pedagogical competence is the ability of teachers in the management of student learning that at least include:
1. Knowledge or understanding of educational foundation.
Teachers have the educational background of knowledge that have expertise in academic and intellectual.
2. An understanding of learners
Teachers have an understanding of the psychology of child development, so that truly knows the right approach is performed on the students.
3. development of curriculum / syllabus
Teachers have the ability to develop a national education curriculum tailored to the specific conditions of the school environment.
4. Designing learning
All learning activities from beginning to end has to be strategically planned, including anticipating problems likely to arise from the planned scenario.
5. implementation of an educational and dialogical learning
Teachers create learning situations for children who are creative, active and fun.
6. Use of learning technology.
In organizing the learning, teachers use technology as a medium. Provide learning materials and administer the use of information technology. Familiarize children interact with technology.
7. Evaluation of learning outcomes
Teachers have the ability to evaluate learning was conducted on the planning, response, children, the children's learning, methods and approaches. To be able to evaluate, the teacher should be able to plan appropriate assessment, to measure properly, and make accurate conclusions and solutions.
8. Development of Learners to actualize different potentials
Teachers have the ability to guide children, creating a place for children to identify and train potential to actualize its potential.
One effort that can be done to develop this capability is to conduct classroom action research. Classroom action research, based on planning and solutions to problems facing children in learning. So the results can increase children's learning and teacher planning targets can be achieved. In principle, All aspects of competence paedagogik above can always be improved through the development review issues and alternatives solutions.
Students that come from a variety of different backgrounds, different environments, and different social status. As a teacher, it is not recommended for discriminating between students, although with any condition. Let's say that less intelligent students, teachers should give more attention to students like these, can be started by analyzing the association in the school environment, home and friendship. Seen also how the psychology of the student while teaching, so they can know what the cause of the low interest in these students' learning.
Because of mathematical thinking is a process, it may be best discussed by example, but before seeing the examples, I briefly examine some frameworks that are provided to illuminate mathematical thinking, beyond the idea of mathematical literacy.Mathematical thinking in point of view of Katagidi (2004):
1. Mathematical attitude
2. Mathematical method
3. Mathematical content
solving problems with math require different skills and abilities, including:
• Deep knowledge of mathematics
• General reasoning ability
• Knowledge of heuristic strategies
• Helpful beliefs and attitudes (eg the expectation that mathematics akanberguna)
• personal attributes such as confidence, persistence and organization
• Skills to communicate solutions.
Of these, three first closest part of mathematical thinking.
mathematical attitude
mathematical content
mathematical method
Mathematical thinking
The search of relationship
Problem solving The nature
Investigation of school realistic mathematics
Communication mathLearning Mathematics
Phenomenology of math
Hermeunistic of David Tall Kaye StacyAbstract Ideal math learning
Progress report ABEC problem posing
Converence Lesson study
Thinking Mathematics is not only important for solving problems in mathematics and to mathematics learning. In terms of teaching mathematics, must bring together expertise in both mathematics and general pedagogy, and incorporate both domain knowledge together to solve problems, whether it is to analyze the subject matter, making plans for a good lesson, or on the basis of minute-by-minute to respond to students mathematically productive. If the teacher to encourage mathematical thinking in students, then they must engage in mathematical thinking all the courses themselves.
Maslow’s Hierarchy
According to Abraham Maslow humans have five needs that make up the levels or also called the hierarchy of the most important to the unimportant and from easy to difficult to achieve or obtain. Human motivation is strongly influenced by the fundamental needs that need to be fulfilled. Maslow Needs must fulfill the needs of the most important first and then increased to a less important. To be able to feel the pleasure of a first level of needs should be satisfied that the needs are at the lower level.
Five (5) Maslow's basic needs - have been prepared based on the most important requirement to a less crucial:
1. Physiological Needs
Examples are: Clothing / apparel, food / food, shelter / home, and biological needs such as defecation, urination, breathing, and so forth.
2. Safety and Security Needs
Examples such as: Free from occupation, free from the threat, free from pain, free from terror, and so forth.
3. Social Needs
Example is: having friends, having a family, and others.
4. Award Requirements
Examples: praise, certificates, decorations, gifts, and many others.
5. Self-actualization Needs
Is the need and desire to act as they pleased according to their talents and interests.
According to Maslow adults normally satisfy approximately 85% of physiological needs, safety and security needs of 70%, 50% needs to have and love, esteem needs 40% and 10% self-actualization needs. The statement is quite logical because the average person is more motivated to meet the needs that are not delayed delayed again such as eating, drinking and physiological needs. While the other requirement can still be postponed. In the process, Maslow's theory explains that the levels of hierarchy above the needs of every human being can be achieved gradually. A level of satisfaction of needs require optimal if you want to move to the next level. Static nature of this theory indicates that people are continuously trying to meet the unmet kebutuhanya levels until satisfied and do not motivate himself anymore. If the condition is satisfied happens people will move to the next requirement kepuasanya higher value and require a higher effort. And so on until a person reaches the highest satisfaction of self-actualization needs in the community.
The theory of hierarchy of needs is often depicted as a pyramid, the larger the lower levels representing the lower needs, and points above represent the needs of self-actualization. Maslow believes that the only reason that people will not move well in direction of self-actualization is because of obstacles placed in their way by the state society. He that education is one obstacle. He recommends ways education can switch from an ordinary person-stunting tactics to grow approach to people. Maslow states that educators should respond to the individual has the potential to grow into self-actualization / her own kind. Ten points that educators should address listed:
1. We must teach people to become authentic, to realize their inner self and listen to their feelings of inner voices.
2. We must teach people to overcome their cultural conditioning and become world citizens.
3. We must help people find their calling in life, their calling, fate or destiny. It is mainly focused on finding the right career and the right partner.
4. We must teach people that life is precious, that there is joy to be experienced in life, and if people are open to see the good and happy in all kinds of situations, it makes life worth.
5. We must accept people like him or her and help people learn their inner nature. From the knowledge of the actual talent and limitations we can know what to build upon, what potentials are really there.
6. We have to see it fulfilled the basic needs of people. This includes safety, belongingness, and esteem needs.
7. We have to refreshen awareness, teach people to appreciate the beauty and other good things in nature and in life.
8. We must teach people that good control, and complete abandon is bad. It takes control to improve the quality of life in all areas.
9. We must teach people to solve trivial problems and grapple with serious problems in life. These include problems of injustice, pain, suffering, and death.
10. We must teach people to become better voters. They should be given practice in making good choices.
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However, the circumstances of each individual is different both in terms of economics, status, position and other causes of each individual's needs will vary and are in various stages. It would be a challenge for leaders to understand the existence of employee motivation karyawanya so no mistakes when giving a motivator devices such as bonuses, promotions etc.. Leaders who are able to read the subordinate levels of motivation will be able to easily determine a suitable package for bawahanya motivator.
Maslow further explained that the level of demand that he arrange divided into two general types of needs, namely:
Maslow further explained that the level of demand that he arrange divided into two general types of needs, namely:
1. Lower order needs which include physiological and safety needs
2. That covers the needs of a high order of social needs, appreciation and self-actualization
Both the above classification needs to distinguish each source of his fulfillment. Lower order needs fulfilled internally (in person), whereas higher order needs fulfilled externally (eg with wages, contracts, tenure, etc.). Although Maslow's theory received wide recognition from many quarters, especially the practice of managers because the theory is easily understood, but theories are not without flaw. The lack of empirical support is the receipt of a theory of reference cause of this theory reap a lot of criticism. In addition, the static nature of this theory also received sharp criticism from various circles, especially academics, as it is considered less acceptable if someone will continue working at one level until satisfied without being able to return to the need for lower or optimize the previous requirement again.
Human Potential
Human beings were created as the noblest and best among the others because of God's creatures equipped with a variety of potential not possessed by other creatures. But sometimes, we do not consciously do not even know at all what the potential that exists in us so that sometimes we live in makeshift conditions, easy to give up and not have big dreams. We are undergoing routine of life as it is without any power to make our lives better. If we want to reflect, in fact when we were created, God would not let his servant live in misery and suffering. That is why God equips man with all the potential that exists within him. Potential include: the potential for bodily (physical / body), spiritual (spiritual / heart), and intellect (mind). The three potential will provide the ability to man to decide and choose his own destiny. Humans are given the freedom to determine his destiny. It all depends on how they exploit the potential inherent in him.
The three potential support and complement each other, but of the three components, the potential for spiritual and reason plays an important role in determining a person's success in life, because of the potential that people will know where to go, what they want, and what to do. Physical potential to support only the potential to be more perfect, although its role is also not be overlooked. There are three potentially important for men, the Heart, Mind, and body.
- Heart
With heart, human beings have self-control. Knowing between right and wrong, which is beautiful and what is not, which is fun and vice versa. Humans who have a clean heart always in life secure, peaceful and peace for always choosing things based on God's command.
- Mind
With reason, man can think to create something, run something, all of which are the result of science clusters. Science is useful to be used by many people, so people who each other interact. Common sense to create something good and useful for human life, if reason is not healthy then it will create things detrimental to human.
- The bodies
With the body, humans can perform useful activities which followed heart and mind work. The body serves to apply the act by anything produced by the heart and mind.
Humans are clever and lucky is he who can utilize the third potential to worship only God. Preserved liver of liver disease will help clean and reasonable to think positively so as to produce good ideas or knowledge to be applied, made by the body. The three potential work together to make human beings noble and faithful servant of God.
Motivation
Motivation can be defined as power (energy) a person who can cause the level of persistence and entusiasmenya in executing an activity, whether sourced from within the individual itself (intrinsic motivation) or from outside the individual (extrinsic motivation). How strong is the motivation of the individual will decide on the quality of the display of behavior, both in the context of learning, work and other life .. Studies on motivation have long been a main attraction for educators, managers, and researchers, mainly associated with the interests of achieving the performance (achievement) a person. In the context of psychological studies, Abin Makmun Shamsuddin (2003) suggests that to understand the motivation of individuals can be seen from several indicators, including:
1. duration of activity
2. frequency of activities
3. persistence in the activity
4. fortitude, tenacity and ability to deal with obstacles and difficulties
5. devotion and sacrifice to achieve goals
6. level of aspiration to be achieved by the activities carried out
7. qualification level of achievement or product (output) is achieved from the activities carried out
8. direction attitude toward the target activity.
To understand the motivation, we will meet with several theories about motivation, among others:
- Abraham H. Theory Maslow (Theory of Needs)
The theory of motivation developed by Abraham H. Maslow basically revolves around the notion that humans have five levels or hierarchy of needs, namely: (1) physiological needs (physiological needs), such as hunger, thirst, rest and sex, (2) safety needs (safety needs), not in a purely physical sense, but also mental, psychological and intellectual, (3) the need for love (love needs), (4) the need for self-esteem (esteem needs), which generally reflected in the various status symbols, and (5) self-actualization (self-actualization), in the sense of providing an opportunity for someone to develop the potential inherent in themselves so that turned into a real capability. Although Maslow's thinking about the theory of this requirement seems more theoretical, but has provided inspiration for the foundation and development of theory-oriented theory of motivation that more needs to be applied next.
- McClelland's Theory (Theory of Achievement Requirements)
From McClelland is known about the theory needs to achieve or Need for Acievement (N. Ach) which states that the motivation is different, according to the strength of one's needs for achievement. According to McClelland characteristics of high achievers (high achievers) have three common characteristics: (1) a preference for tasks with a moderate degree of difficulty, (2) like the situations in which their performance arises because their own efforts , and not because of other factors, like luck for instance, and (3) want feedback on their successes and failures, compared to those with low achievers.
- Clyton Alderfer Theory (Theory "ERG)
Alderfer theory known by the acronym "ERG". Acronym "ERG" Alderfer's theory is the first letters of the three terms are: E = Existence (the need for existence), R = Relatedness (kebutuhanuntuk associated with other parties, and G = Growth (the need for growth). If the meaning of three terms The deepening will appear two important things. First, conceptually there are similarities between the theories or models developed by Maslow and Alderfer. Because "Existence" can be said is identical to the first and second in the hierarchy of Maslow's theory, "Relatedness" hierarchy of needs in line with the third and according to the concept of Maslow's fourth and "Growth" meaning the same as "self actualization" according to Maslow. Second, Alderfer theory stresses that different kinds of human need fulfillment were cultivated simultaneously. If the theory of Alderfer listened further it would appear that:
· The non-fulfillment of a specific requirement, the greater the desire to satisfy it
· Strong desire to satisfy the needs of a "higher" increases if the lower needs have been satisfied
· Conversely, the more difficult to satisfy the needs of higher level, the greater the desire to memuasakan more basic needs.
It seems that this view is based on pragmatism by human nature. That is, recognizing its limitations, one can adjust themselves to the objective conditions faced by, among others, focused attention to matters that may be achieved.
It seems that this view is based on pragmatism by human nature. That is, recognizing its limitations, one can adjust themselves to the objective conditions faced by, among others, focused attention to matters that may be achieved.
- Herzberg's Theory (Two Factor Theory)
Scientists recognized three have contributed significantly in understanding the motivation Herzberg. He developed the theory known as "Model Two Factors" of the motivation, the motivational factors and hygiene factors or "maintenance". According to this theory is the motivational factor is the things that drive achievement intrinsic nature, which means the source in a person, while the meaning of hygiene or maintenance factors are factors that are extrinsic, which means originating from outside the self that contribute to determine the behavior someone in one's life. One of the challenges in understanding and applying the Herzberg theory is that correctly take into account more factors which strongly influence a person's life, whether intrinsic or extrinsic nature
- Justice Theory
The essence of this theory lies in the view that humans are driven to eliminate the gap between the effort made for the organization with the benefits received. That is, if an employee has the perception that the benefits they receive is inadequate, two possibilities can occur, namely:
· A will attempt to obtain greater benefits, or
· Reduce the intensity of effort made in carrying out the tasks which it is responsible.
Maintenance of relationships with employees in this connection means that the officials and officers in the civil service must always be vigilant lest the perception of injustice occur, especially widespread among the employees. If until there will arise a variety of negative impacts to the organization, such as dissatisfaction, high levels of absenteeism, the frequent occurrence of accidents in the completion of tasks, employees often make mistakes in carrying out their work, strike or even the movement of employees to other organizations.
Maintenance of relationships with employees in this connection means that the officials and officers in the civil service must always be vigilant lest the perception of injustice occur, especially widespread among the employees. If until there will arise a variety of negative impacts to the organization, such as dissatisfaction, high levels of absenteeism, the frequent occurrence of accidents in the completion of tasks, employees often make mistakes in carrying out their work, strike or even the movement of employees to other organizations.
- The theory of goal setting (goal setting theory)
Edwin Locke proposed that in setting the goal to have four different motivational mechanisms namely: (a) the objectives to direct attention, (b) the objectives set effort, (c) the objectives to increase persistence, and (d) support the strategic objectives -strategy and plans of activities. The following chart presents the instructive model of goal setting.
- Victor H Vroom Theory (Theory of Hope)
According to this theory, motivation is the result of an outcome to be achieved by a concerned and estimates that his actions would lead to results that he wanted it. That is, if someone really wants something, and the road seemed open to get it, the concerned will try to get it. Expressed in a very simple, prospect theory says that if someone wants something and hope to get something that is big enough, the concerned will be very motivated to get things he wants it. Conversely, if the hope of obtaining what he wanted was thin, his motivation for working would be low.
- Reinforcement Theory and Behavior Modification
In this case, Be what is known as the "legal effect" which states that human beings tend to repeat behaviors that have consequences that benefit themselves and dodge mengibatkan behavior behavior that resulted in the emergence of adverse consequences. Very simple example is a typist who can finish a good job in a short time. Typist is getting praise from his superiors. Praising the results in an accelerated salary increases. Due to the typist that enjoys the consequences of his behavior, he then pushed not only work more diligently and more thorough, but even trying to improve her skills, for example by learning to use computers so that its ability to progressively increase, which in turn is expected to have positive consequences in the future. It is important to note that for the ways that are used for permanent behavior modification into account the human dignity which must always be acknowledged and respected, ways are taken by "force" a humane as well.
- Linkages with the Achievement Rewards theory.
Based on the view that there is no one perfect model of motivation in the sense that each has advantages and disadvantages, scientists are continuing to search for and find the best motivation system, in the sense of combining the various advantages such models into one model. It seems there is agreement among experts that the model is what is included in the theory of linking rewards with the achievement of an individual. According to this model, the motivation of an individual is influenced by various factors, both internal and external. Included on the internal factors are: (a) the person's perception about themselves, (b) self-esteem, (c) personal expectations, (d) kebutuhaan; (e) desire, (f) job satisfaction, (g) performance resulting . While external factors affect one's motivation, among others are: (a) the type and nature of work, (b) where a person joins the working group, (c) organization of employment, (d) the environmental situation in general, (e) the prevailing reward system and how its application.
Stress Management
Stress is the body's reaction to situations that appear dangerous or difficult. Stress causes the body to produce the hormone adrenaline that serves to defend themselves. Stress is a part of human life. Mild stress is useful and can stimulate people to think and try harder and try to think faster and harder so as to meet the challenges of everyday life. Mild stress can stimulate and provide a sense of more passionate in life that are usually boring and routine. But too much stress and sustained, if not addressed, will be harmful to health. The stress symptoms :
· Being easily offended and angry with friends, family and colleagues.
· Acting in an aggressive and defensive.
· Feeling tired always.
· hard to concentrate or become forgetful.
· Palpitations or pounding heart.
· The muscles tense.
· Headaches, stomach and diarrhea.
· Complications
· High blood pressure and heart attacks.
· Mental Illness, Hysteria.
· Eating disorders such as loss of appetite or eating too much.
· Can not sleep (insomnia).
· Migraine / headache.
· Heartburn.
· Added severe asthma attack.
· Skin rash.
Causes of stress:
· Genesis of everyday life both happy and sad like.
· Lessons school or work that requires a strict time schedule, and or work with a boss who is hard and less understanding.
· Not healthy.
· Environment as too crowded, too many people or too hot in the home or workplace.
· Financial matters such as debt and spending beyond the capability.
· Lack of confidence.
· Too ambition and aspire too high.
· Negative feelings such as guilt and do not know how to solve frustrating.
· Unable to get along with, less support of friends.
· Make a decision problem that can alter his life or be forced to change the values or principles of personal life. All you can do
How to prevent stress?
· View / measuring the ability of its own. Learn to accept yourself and love yourself.
· Find the cause of negative feelings and learn to cope. Do not aggravate the problem and try to not ever give in to someone else even though you may be in the right.
· Plan for major changes in your life in the long term and give yourself enough time for you to adjust from one to the other changes.
· Plan your time well. Create a list that must be done according to priority.
· Make decisions carefully. Consider carefully in terms of good or bad before deciding anything.
· Let others come to think of your problems. Tell a spouse, friend, supervisor or religious leader. Theymay be able to help put your problems in accordance with the proportions and offers ways of solving that is useful .
· Build a good incentive system in a way a lot of friends and have a happy family. They will always be with you in every kesulitan.Jaga health, eating well, getting enough sleep and exercise regularly.
· Plan time for recreation.
· Relaxation techniques like deep breath, meditation or massage may help relieve stress.
Some strategies that have proven effective in dealing with stress, among others:
- Turning thread into chalenge
When the stressful situation still may be controlled, the best approach to deal with is making the threat of stress becomes a challenge so that we can focus more on the way how to control it. Example: our car broke down and make good stress! Then we decided to take a course brief mechanical. Although this decision does not make the car so it is not easy to strike, but at least make our position better because we understand more about what went wrong and how to overcome them. Stress every time the car mogokpun to be reduced.
- MAKING A threatening situation threatening LESS
When the stressful situation seems difficult to be controlled, another approach must be taken because otherwise, it is very possible to control and change one's assessment of a situation, look at different ways to then adjust their behavior. Example: someone who is more able to find something good (positive) of an adverse event tended to be lower stress and more easily cope with stress than those who do not.
- CHANGING ONE'S Goals
When faced with a situation that can not be controlled, is something that makes sense to change the purpose of a more realistic and practical. Example: an athlete football's top car accident that made her legs paralyzed. Well, in this condition, perhaps he should change his life goal, for example by being the only football coach.
- Taking PHYSICAL ACTION
Today many people are taking this way to relieve stress. This method involves either medical or biological. Example: the use of recommended obat2 doctor / psychiatrist to relieve stress reactions that interfere with physical health. Some even mentioned the type of food diet can relieve stress. Sports, of course included in this method. It's a lot of research that regular exercise can reduce heart rate, blood-pressure and respiration-rate, balance hormones and activate certain glands that make the body more relaxed and sleep better.
- Preparing FOR STRESS BEFORE IT Happens
This strategy is called inoculation: prepare yourself before the stress occurs. This technique was originally used for hospital patients who will undergo surgery, in order to prevent the occurrence of postoperative emotional problems.
Inoculation method to prepare someone to deal with stressful experiences (both physically and emotionally) by providing explanations and information as much and as detailed as possible, about what kejadian2 difficult that may be encountered. Important elements of this method it is not the occurrence itself (or on the fact that the incident was SURE would happen), but more on how to prepare yourself for the person concerned has a more clear strategy and ebyektif in order to deal with his stressful situation. If applied properly, this method can succeed. At the very least, the ability to deal with stress before people get the information (about stressornya) will be better than people who do not get it.
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